​1. Air Navigation

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1.1 Form of the Earth

• axis, poles

• meridians of longitude

• parallels of latitude

• great circle, small circle, rhumb line

• hemispheres, north/south, east/west

 

1.2 Mapping

• aeronautical maps and charts (topographical)

• projections and their properties

• conformality

• equivalence

• scale

• great circles and rhumb lines

 

Conformal orthomorphic projection (ICAO 1.500,000 chart)

• main properties

• construction

• convergence of meridians

• presentation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines

• scale, standard parallels

• depiction of height

 

Direction

• true north

• earth’s magnetic field, variation – annual change

• magnetic north

• vertical and horizontal components

• isogonals, agonic lines

 

Aeroplane magnetism

• magnetic influences within the aeroplane

• compass deviation

• turning, acceleration errors

• avoiding magnetic interference with the comass

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Distances

• units

• measurement of distance in relation to map projection

 

Charts in practical navigation

• plotting positions

• latitude and longitude

• bearing and distance

• use of navigation protractor

• measurement of tracks and distances

 

Chart reference material/map reading

• map analysis

• topography

• relief

• cultural features

• permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features, unique or special features)

• features subject to change (e.g. water)

• preparation

• folding the map for use

• methods of map reading

• map orientation

• checkpoint features

• anticipation of checkpoints

• with continuous visual contact

• without continuous visual contact

• when uncertain of position

• aeronautical symbols

• aeronautical information

• conversion of units

 

​1.3 Principles of navigation

• IAS, CAS and TAS

• track, true and magnetic

• wind velocity, heading and groundspeed

• triangle of velocities

• calculation of heading and ground speed

• drift, wind correction angle

• ETA

• dead reckoning, position, fix

 

1.4 The navigation computer

• use of the circular slide rule to determine

• TAS, time and distance

• conversion of units

• fuel required

• pressure, density and true altitude

• time en-route and ETA

• use of the computer to solve triangle of velocities

• application of TAS and wind velocity to track

• determination of heading and ground speed

• drift and wind correction angle

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1.5 Time

• relationship between universal co-ordinated (standard) (UTC) time and local mean time (LMT)

• definition of sunrise and sunset times

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1.6 Flight planning

• selection of charts

• route and aerodrome weather forecasts and reports

• assessing the weather situation

• plotting the route

• considerations     of     controlled/     regulated     airspace,     airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc.

• use of AIP and NOTAMS

• ATC liaison procedures in controlled/ regulated airspace

• fuel considerations

• en-route safety altitude(s)

• alternate aerodromes

• communications and radio/navaid frequencies

• compilation of flight log

• compilation of ATC flight plan

• selection of check points, time and distance marks

• weight and balance calculations

• weight and performance calculations

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1.7 Practical navigation

• compass headings, use of deviation card

• organization of in-flight workload

• departure procedure, log entries, altimeter setting and establishing IAS

• maintenance and heading of altitude

• use of visual observations

• establishing position, checkpoints

• revisions to heading and ETA

• arrival procedures, ATC liaison

• completion of flight log and aeroplane log entries.

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2.Flight Performance and Planning

 

2.1 Mass and Balance

Mass and Balance

• limitations on maximum mass

• forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and utility operation

• mass and centre of gravity calculations – aeroplane manual and balance sheet

 

2.2 Performance

Take-off

• take-off run and distance available

• take-off and initial climb

• effects of mass, wind and density altitude

• effects of ground surface and gradient

• use of flaps

 

Landing

• effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach speed

• use of flaps

• ground surface and gradient

 

In-flight

• relationship between power required and power available

• performance diagram

• maximum rate and maximum angle of climb

• range and endurance

• effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude

• reduction of performance during climbing turns

• gliding

• adverse effects

• icing, rain

• condition of the airframe

• effect of flap

 

3 Aviation Meteorology

 

3.1 The Atmosphere

• Composition and structure

• vertical divisions

• Pressure, density and temperature

  • barometric pressure, isobars

  • changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude

  • altimetry terminology

  • diurnal variation of temperature

  • adiabatic process

  • temperature lapse rate

  • stability and instability

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3.2 Humidity and precipitation

• water vapour in the atmosphere

• vapour pressure

• dew point and relative humidity

• condensation and vaporization

• precipitation

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3.3 Pressure and wind

• high and low pressure areas

• motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient

• vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence

• surface and geostrophic wind

• effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing

• relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballot’s law

• turbulence and gustiness

• local winds, fahn, land and sea breeze

 

3.4 Clouds formation

• cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion

• cloud types

• convection clouds

• orographic clouds

• stratiform and cumulus clouds

• flying conditions in each cloud type

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3.5 Fog, mist, haze

• radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog

• formation and dispersal

• reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand

• assessment of probability of reduced visibility

• hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical

 

3.6 Air masses

• description of and factors affecting the properties of air masses

• classification of air masses, region of origin

• modification of air masses during their movement

• development of low and high pressure system

• weather associated with pressure systems

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3.7 Ice accretion

• conditions conducive to ice formation

• effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice

• effects of icing on aeroplane performance

• precautions and avoidance of icing conditions

• powerplant icing

• precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburetor icing

 

3.8 Thunderstorms

• formation – air mass, frontal, orographic

• conditions required

• development process

recognition of favourable conditions for formation

• hazards for aeroplanes

• effects of lightning and severe turbulence

• avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms

 

3.9 Flight over hilly or mountainous areas

• hazards

• influence of terrain on atmospheric processes

• mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor effects, valley winds

 

3.10 Indian Climatology

• general seasonal circulation in the troposphere

• local seasonal weather and winds

  • tropopause influence on aircraft performance

  • effect of ozone, radioactivity

  • development and effect of valley inversions

  • reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow

 

3.11 Altimetry

• operational aspects of pressure settings,

• pressure altitude, density altitude

• height, altitude, flight level

• ICAO standard atmosphere

• QNH, QFE, standard setting

• transition altitude, layer and level

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3.12 The meteorological organization

• aerodrome meteorological offices

• aeronautical meteorological stations

• forecasting service

• meteorological services at aerodromes

• availability of periodic weather forecasts

 

3.13 Weather analysis and forecasting

• weather charts, symbols, signs

• significant weather charts

• prognostic charts for general aviation

 

3.14 Weather information for flight planning

• reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and alternate(s)

• interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF

• availability of ground reports for surface wind, windshear, visibility

 

3.15 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation

• VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET

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4. Radio Navigation

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• Ground D/F

  • application

  • principles

  • presentation and interpretation

  • coverage

  • errors and accuracy

  • factors affecting range and accuracy

 

• ADF, including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the radio magnetic indicator (RMI)

  • application

  • principles

  • presentation and interpretation

  • coverage

  • errors and accuracy

  • factors affecting range and accuracy

 

• VOR/DME

  • application

  • principles

  • presentation and interpretation

  • coverage

  • errors and accuracy

  • factors affecting range and accuracy

 

• GPS

  • application

  • principles

  • presentation and interpretation

  • coverage

  • errors and accuracy

  • factors affecting reliability and accuracy

 

• Ground Radar

  • principles

  • presentation and interpretation

  • coverage

  • errors and accuracy

  • factors affecting reliability and accuracy

 

• Secondary Surveillance Radar

  • principles (transponders)

  • application

  • presentation and interpretation

  • modes and codes

 

5. Communications

 

Radio Telephony and Communications

• use of AIP and frequency selection

• microphone technique

• phonetic alphabet

• station/aeroplane callsigns/abbreviation

• transmission technique

• use of standard words and phrases

• listening out

• required ‘readback’ instructions

 

Departure procedures

• radio checks

• taxi instructions

• holding on ground

• departure clearance

 

En-route procedures

• frequency changing

• position, altitude/flight level reporting

• flight information service

• weather information

• weather reporting

• procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position

• procedural phraseology

• height/range coverage

 

Arrival and traffic pattern procedures

• arrival clearance

• calls and ATC instructions during the:

• circuit

• approach and landing

• vacating runway

 

Communication failure

• action to be taken

• alternate frequency

• serviceability check, including microphone and headphones

• in-flight procedures according to type of airspace

 

Distress and urgency procedures

• distress (Mayday), definition and when to use

• frequencies to use

• contents of Mayday message

• urgency (Pan), definition and when to use

• frequencies to use

• relay of messages

• maintenance of silence when distress/urgency call heard

• cancellation of distress/urgency

 

6. General Flight Safety

 

Aeroplane

• seat adjustment and security

• harnesses and seat belts

• emergency equipment and its use

• fire extinguisher

• engine/cabin fires

• de-icing systems

• survival equipment, life jackets, life rafts

• carbon monoxide poisoning

• re-fuelling precautions

• flammable goods/pressurized container

 

Operational

• wake turbulence

• aquaplaning

• windshear, take-off, approach and landing

• passenger briefings

• emergency exits

• evacuation from the aeroplane

• forced landings

• gear-up landing

• ditching

 

7. Instrumentation

 

7.1 Flight Instruments

Pitot / Static System

• pitot tube, function

• pitot tube, static source

• alternate static source

• position error

• system drains

• errors caused by blockage or leakage

 

Airspeed indicator

• principles of operation

• relationship between pitot and static pressure

• definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed

• instrument errors,

• airspeed indications, colour coding

• pilot’s serviceability checks

 

Altimeter

• principles of operation and construction

• function of the sub-scale

• effects of atmospheric density

• pressure altitude

• true altitude

• international standard atmosphere

• flight level

• presentation (three needle)

• instrument errors

• pilot’s service ability checks

 

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

• principles of operation and construction

• function

• inherent lag

• instantaneous VSI

• presentation

• pilot’s serviceability checks

 

Gyroscopes

• principles

• rigidity

• precession

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Turn indicator

• rate gyro

• purpose and function

• effect of speed

• presentation

• turn coordinator

• limited rate of turn indications

• power source

• balance indicator

• principle

• presentation

• pilot’s serviceability checks

 

Altitude indicator

• earth gyro

• purpose and function

• presentations

• interpretation

• operating limitations

• power source pilot’s serviceability checks

 

Heading indicator

• Directional gyro

• Purpose and function

• Presentation

• Use with Magnetic compass

• Setting mechanism

• Apparent drift

• Operating limitation

• Power source

• Pilot’s serviceability checks

 

Magnetic Compass

• construction and function

• earth’s magnetic field

• variation and deviation

• turning, acceleration errors

• precautions when carrying magnetic items

• pilot’s service ability checks

 

Engine Instruments

• principles, presentation and operational use of:

  • oil temperature gauge

  • oil pressure gauge

  • cylinder head temperature gauge

  • exhaust gas meter

  • manifold pressure gauge

  • fuel pressure gauge

  • fuel flow gauge

  • fuel quantity gauge (s)

• tachometer

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Other Instruments

• principles, presentation and operational use of:

  • vacuum gauge

  • voltmeter and ammeter

  • warning indicators

  • others relevant to aeroplane type

 

7.2 Airworthiness

• certificate to be in force

• compliance with requirements

• periodic maintenance inspections

• compliance    with    flight    manual   (or    equivalent),    instructions, limitations, placards

• flight manual supplements

• provision and maintenance of documents

• aeroplane, engine and propeller log books

• recording of defects

• permitted maintenance by pilots

 

8. Air Regulation

 

8.1 Legislation

• The Convention of International Civil Aviation

• The International Civil Aviation Organization

• Documents to be carried in aircraft

• Use of aircraft radio equipment

• Certificate of airworthiness

• Licences of personnel

• Recognition of certificates and licences

• Journey log books

• Cargo restrictions

• Restrictions on use of photographic equipment

• Endorsement of certificates of licences

• Validity of endorsed certificates and licences Annexes to the Convention (‘ICAO Annexes’)

Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

• definitions

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8.2 Rules of the Air

Annex 2 Rules of the Air

• definitions

• applicability

• general rules

• visual flight rules

• signals (Appendix 1)

• interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2)

 

8.3 Air Traffic regulations and Air Traffic Services

Annex 11 Air Traffic Regulations and Air Traffic Services

• definitions

• objectives of air traffic services

• classification of airspace

• flight information regions, control areas and control zones

• air traffic control services

• alerting service

• visual meteorological conditions

• instrument meteorological conditions

• in-flight contingencies

 

Annex 14 Aerodrome Data

• definitions

• conditions of the movement area and related facilities

• Visual aids for navigation

• indicators and signaling devices

• markings

• lights

• signs

• markers

• signal area

• Visual aids for denoting obstacles

• marking of objects

• lighting of objects

• Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas

• Emergency and other services : fire and rescue service

• Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours

• Colours for aeronautical ground lights

• Colours for surface markings

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ICAO Document 4444 – Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services

General provisions

• definitions

• ATS operating practices

• Flight plan clearance and information

• Control of air traffic flow

• Altimeter setting procedures

• Wake turbulence information

• Meteorological information

• Air reports (AIREP)

Area control service

• Separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace

• Pilots, responsibility to maintain separation in VMC

• Emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot

• Interception of civil aircraft

Approach control service

• Departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC Aerodrome control service

• Function of aerodrome control towers

• VFR operations

• Traffic and circuit procedures

• Information to aircraft

• Control of aerodrome traffic

Flight information and alerting service

• Air traffic advisory service

• Objectives

 

8.4 Aircraft Rules and Civil Aviation Requirements

• Validity of licences and ratings

• Medical fitness

• Decrease in medical fitness

• Crediting of flight time

• State of licence issue

• Requirements

• Minimum age

• Privilege and conditions

• Ratings for special purposes

• Experience and crediting

• Training course

• Theoretical knowledge examination

• Skill test

• Circumstances in which an instrument rating is required

• Type and class ratings

• Division of class ratings

• Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required

• Validity, revalidation and renewal

• Instructor ratings

• Instruction – general

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8.5 Contravention of Aviation Regulations

• Offences

• Penalties

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8.6 National Law – National Law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and CARs.

Indian aircraft act 1934-section 1,2,8,10,11A,11B, 17&18(3/9)

Aircraft        Rule       1937-        Rule       No.        1-19,21-29A.30,33,37A,38- 48,50,52,53,55,65,67,67A,67B,68-70,76,79-89,133A,134,140,

140(AB&C)15&161

Schedule I, II, VI, & XI

INDAIN AIRCRAFT RULES 1920-RULE NO 53-64

AIRCRAFT RULES 1954 (Public Health Rules) AIRCRAFT RULES 2003 (Carriage of Dangerous Goods)

 

9. Human Performance & Limitations

 

9.1 Basic Physiology

Basic concepts of:

• composition of the atmosphere

• respiration and blood circulation

• Effects of partial pressure

• Hearing

• Motion sickness

• Flying and health

• Toxic hazards

  • dangerous goods

  • carbon monoxide from heaters

 

9.2 Basic psychology

The information process and its concepts Stress , Judgment and decision making

 

10. Operational Procedures

 

a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts II and DGCA India CARs on Operations in Section 2, 7 and 8

• operation of aircraft

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b) ICAO Annex 12 – Search and Rescue

• definitions

• alerting phases

• procedures for pilot-in-command intercepting a distress transmission

• search and rescue signals

 

c) ICAO Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident Investigation

• definitions